Who devised the first rocket propelled by gunpowder?

The first rocket propelled by gunpowder is attributed to Konrad Kyeser von Eichstadt, a German engineer and military scientist from the late Middle Ages. His work, particularly the treatise "Bellifortis," which dates back to around 1405, included designs and concepts for various weapons, including early rockets that utilized gunpowder. Kyeser's designs mark a significant historical point in the development of artillery and rocket technology.

While other individuals mentioned in the options made important contributions to rocketry, they were not responsible for the very first instances of gunpowder rockets. William Hale is known for his work on improving artillery and developing the Hale rocket in the 19th century. Colonel William Congreve also played a significant role in advancing military rockets in the early 19th century with the Congreve rocket, and Dr. Robert Goddard is recognized as the father of modern rocketry for his pioneering work in liquid-fueled rockets in the early 20th century. However, Kyeser is recognized for his earlier foundational work regarding gunpowder propellant rockets. Thus, he is correctly identified as the figure behind the first rocket propelled by gunpowder.