What type of rocket is designed for a one-way trip to gather information?

A sounding rocket is specifically designed for a one-way trip primarily to gather scientific data or information from the atmosphere or near-space environment. These rockets typically deliver instruments to altitudes where they can conduct experiments and collect data before descending back to Earth, often following a parabolic trajectory. The nature of their mission involves capturing specific data about atmospheric conditions, cosmic rays, or other phenomena during their brief ascent.

Sounding rockets differ significantly from other options listed. A space shuttle is designed for multiple missions, including transporting astronauts and equipment to and from space, and is capable of returning to Earth. A ballistic missile is primarily a weapon designed for delivering payloads over long distances and is not focused on scientific data collection. An orbital satellite is built to remain in orbit around Earth or another celestial body, continually gathering and transmitting data over extended periods rather than making a one-time trip. Thus, the unique mission and design of sounding rockets clearly identify them as the correct answer in this context.